Données scientifiques Rollkur

Je n'ai pas trouvé le sujet sur le rollkur, merci au modérateur de déplacer evtlmt le sujet. 

J'attire votre attention sur la thèse (tout en bas) et il y a toujours la page FB no.rollkur

PubMed comprises more than 21 million citations for biomedical literature from MEDLINE, life science journals, and online books. The publications below are the results of veterinarian scientific work. I made no difference if they were dealing against hyperflexion or were supporting it - these are the results of science, and were controlled by scientific editors befor they got published in those scientific journals.

 

Vet J. 2007 Nov;174(3):492-500. Epub 2006 Dec 8.

The advent of equitation science.

McGreevy PD.

Source

Faculty of Veterinary Science, Gunn Building (B19), University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia. paulm [at] vetsci [dot] usyd [dot] edu [dot] au

Abstract

The lengthy association of humans with horses has established traditional equestrian techniques that have served military and transport needs well. Although effective, these techniques have by-passed the research findings of modern psychologists, who developed the fundamentals of learning theory. That said, the pools of equestrian debate are far from stagnant. The latest wave of horse whisperers has offered some refinements and some novel interpretations of the motivation of horses undergoing training. Additionally, the Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) has introduced the concept of the 'happy equine athlete' and, in the light of the hyperflexion (Rollkür) debate, recently examined the possible effects of some novel dressage modalities on equine 'happiness'. However, many still question the welfare of the ridden horse since it is largely trained using negative reinforcement, has to respond to pressure-based signals and is seldom asked to work for positive rewards. Science holds tremendous promise for removing emotiveness from the horse-riding welfare debate by establishing how much rein tension is too much; how much contact is neutral; how contact can be measured; how discomfort can be measured; how pain can be measured; and how learned helplessness manifests in horses. These are some of the topics addressed by equitation science, an emerging discipline that combines learning theory, physics and ethology to examine the salience and efficacy of horse-training techniques.

Comment in

• Vet J. 2007 Nov;174(3):452-3.

 

 

J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 2006;9(1):59-64.

A nonnatural head-neck position (Rollkur) during training results in less acute stress in elite, trained, dressage horses.

van Breda E.

Source

Department of Movement Sciences, Maastricht University, The Netherlands. eric [dot] vanbreda [at] bw [dot] unimaas [dot] nl

Abstract

This study measured parameters of stress in recreational, trained horses (REC; n = 7) and elite (International Grand Prix level) trained, dressage horses (DRES; n = 5). The training of the DRES horses uses an unnatural head-neck position (Rollkur), whereas in the REC horses such training techniques are not common. The study measured stress by using heart rate variability analysis for 30 min postfeeding in the morning and 30 min postexercise after a morning training session. The study found no significant difference at rest between the REC and DRES horses. During the posttraining measurements, however, the DRES horses showed, among others, a less sympathetic and increased parasympathetic dominance. These results suggest that DRES horses tend to have less acute stress than do REC horses postexercise. The findings of this study suggest maintaining the health and well-being of DRES horses despite nonnatural, biomechanical positions.

PMID: 16649951 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Tijdschr Diergeneeskd. 2006 Mar 1;131(5):152-7.

Workload and stress in horses: comparison in horses ridden deep and round ('rollkur') with a draw rein and horses ridden in a natural frame with only light rein contact.

Sloet van Oldruitenborgh-Oosterbaan MM, Blok MB, Begeman L, Kamphuis MC, Lameris MC, Spierenburg AJ, Lashley MJ.

Source

Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 12, 3584 CM Utrecht, The Netherlands. m [dot] sloet [at] vet [dot] uu [dot] nl

Abstract

'Rollkur' or 'overbending' is the low and deep riding of a dressage horse during training or warming up. Lately, this technique has been criticized, and not necessarily objectively, on welfare grounds. To be able to evaluate these criticisms, more needs to be known about the workload and stress of horses being ridden 'rollkur'. The aim of the present study was to compare the workload of eight riding-school horses when being ridden deep and round with a draw rein ('rollkur') and when being ridden in a natural frame with only light rein contact ('free'). Workload (as measured by heart rate and blood lactate concentration) was slightly higher when horses were ridden 'rollkur' than when they were ridden 'free'. There were no differences in packed cell volume, or glucose and cortisol concentrations. No signs of uneasiness or stress could be determined when the horses were ridden 'rollkur'. Subjectively, all horses improved their way of moving during 'rollkur' and were more responsive to their rider.

PMID: 16532786 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl). 2012 Feb 9. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0396.2012.01274.x. [Epub ahead of print]

Cortisol release, heart rate and heart rate variability, and superficial body temperature, in horses lunged either with hyperflexion of the neck or with an extended head and neck position.

Becker-Birck M, Schmidt A, Wulf M, Aurich J, von der Wense A, Möstl E, Berz R, Aurich C.

Source

 Graf Lehndorff Institute for Equine Science, Neustadt (Dosse), Germany  Section for Reproduction, University of Veterinary Sciences, Vienna, Austria  Equine Practice for Thermography, Holdenstedt, Germany  Division of Biochemistry, University of Veterinary Sciences, Vienna, Austria  Inframedic Medical Thermography Systems, Moersfelden-Walldorf, Germany  Centre for Artificial Insemination and Embryo Transfer, University of Veterinary Sciences, Vienna, Austria.

Abstract

Bringing the head and neck of ridden horses into a position of hyperflexion is widely used in equestrian sports. In our study, the hypothesis was tested that hyperflexion is an acute stressor for horses. Salivary cortisol concentrations, heart rate, heart rate variability (HRV) and superficial body temperature were determined in horses (n = 16) lunged on two subsequent days. The head and neck of the horse was fixed with side reins in a position allowing forward extension on day A and fixed in hyperflexion on day B. The order of treatments alternated between horses. In response to lunging, cortisol concentration increased (day A from 0.73 ± 0.06 to 1.41 ± 0.13 ng/ml, p < 0.001; day B from 0.68 ± 0.07 to 1.38 ± 0.13 ng/ml, p < 0.001) but did not differ between days A and B. Beat-to-beat (RR) interval decreased in response to lunging on both days. HRV variables standard deviation of RR interval (SDRR) and RMSSD (root mean square of successive RR differences) decreased (p < 0.001) but did not differ between days. In the cranial region of the neck, the difference between maximum and minimum temperature was increased in hyperflexion (p < 0.01). In conclusion, physiological parameters do not indicate an acute stress response to hyperflexion of the head alone in horses lunged at moderate speed and not touched with the whip. However, if hyperflexion is combined with active intervention of a rider, a stressful experience for the horse cannot be excluded.

© 2012 Blackwell Verlag GmbH.

PMID: 22320155 [PubMed - as supplied by publisher]

 

Equine Vet J. 2010 Nov;42 Suppl 38:436-43. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00228.x.

A pilot study on objective quantification and anatomical modelling of in vivo head and neck positions commonly applied in training and competition of sport horses.

Elgersma AE, Wijnberg ID, Sleutjens J, van der Kolk JH, van Weeren PR, Back W.

Source

Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

Abstract

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY:

Head and neck positions (HNP) in sport horses are under debate in the equine community, as they could interfere with equine welfare. HNPs have not been quantified objectively and no information is available on their head and neck loading.

OBJECTIVES:

To quantify in vivo HNPs in sport horses and develop o a model to estimate loading on the cervical vertebrae in these positions.

METHODS:

Videos were taken of 7 Warmbloods at walk on a straight line in 5 positions, representing all HNPs during Warmblood training and competition. Markers were glued at 5 anatomical landmarks. Two-dimensional angles and distances were determined from video frames for the 5 HNPs and statistically compared (P < 0.05). A new simulation model was developed to estimate nuchal ligament cervical loading at these HNPs.

RESULTS:

The mean angles were significantly different between the 5 HNPs for the line between C1 and T6 with the horizontal and for the line connecting the facial crest (CF) and C1 with the vertical, while the vertical distance from CF to the lateral styloid process of the radius (PS) was significantly different between all 5 positions (P < 0.05). The estimated nuchal ligament loading appeared to be largest at the origin of C2 for all HNPs, except for the 'hyperextended' HNP5; the 'hyperflexed' HNP4 showed the largest loading values on the nuchal ligament origins at all locations.

CONCLUSIONS:

HNPs can be accurately quantified in the sagittal plane from angles and distances based on standard anatomical landmarks and home-video captured images. Nuchal ligament loading showed the largest estimated values at its origin on C2 in hyperflexion (HNP4).

POTENTIAL RELEVANCE:

Modelling opens further perspectives to eventually estimate loading for individual horses and thus ergonomically optimise their HNP, which may improve the welfare of the sport horse during training and competition.

© 2010 EVJ Ltd.

PMID: 21059042 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr. 2007 Apr;114(4):153-6.

[New teaching methods in equitation--consequences for the execution in practice].

[Article in German]

Bottermann H, Vogel M.

Source

Ministerium für Umwelt und Naturschutz, Landwirtschaft und Verbraucherschutz des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, Düsseldorf. heinrich [dot] bottermann [at] munlv [dot] nrw [dot] de

Abstract

Recent changes in equitation, tournament disciplines and teaching methods, which did not play a significant role in Germany so far, have to be reflected critically. Several examples such as hyperflexion of the neck, western riding, endurance riding and eventing are given to explain the requirements for teaching methods and different disciplines in terms of animal welfare and the role of the competent authorities.

PMID: 17484504 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Am J Vet Res. 2012 Apr;73(4):522-8.

Effect of head and neck position on intrathoracic pressure and arterial blood gas values in Dutch Warmblood riding horses during moderate exercise.

Sleutjens J, Smiet E, van Weeren R, van der Kolk J, Back W, Wijnberg ID.

Source

Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the effect of various head and neck positions on intrathoracic pressure and arterial oxygenation during exercise in horses.

ANIMALS:

7 healthy Dutch Warmblood riding horses.

PROCEDURES:

The horses were evaluated with the head and neck in the following predefined positions: position 1, free and unrestrained; position 2, neck raised with the bridge of the nose aligned vertically; position 4, neck lowered and extremely flexed with the nose pointing toward the pectoral muscles; position 5, neck raised and extended with the bridge of the nose in front of a vertical line perpendicular to the ground surface; and position 7, neck lowered and flexed with the nose pointing towards the carpus. The standard exercise protocol consisted of trotting for 10 minutes, cantering for 4 minutes, trotting again for 5 minutes, and walking for 5 minutes. An esophageal balloon catheter was used to indirectly measure intrathoracic pressure. Arterial blood samples were obtained for measurement of Pao(2), Paco(2), and arterial oxygen saturation.

RESULTS:

Compared with when horses were in the unrestrained position, inspiratory intrathoracic pressure became more negative during the first trot (all positions), canter and second trot (position 4), and walk (positions 4 and 5). Compared with when horses were in position 1, intrathoracic pressure difference increased in positions 4, 2, 7, and 5; Pao(2) increased in position 5; and arterial oxygen saturation increased in positions 4 and 7.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:

Position 4 was particularly influential on intrathoracic pressure during exercise in horses. The effects detected may have been caused by a dynamic upper airway obstruction and may be more profound in horses with upper airway disease.

PMID: 22452499 [PubMed - in process]

 

Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract. 2011 Dec;27(3):417-37.

Lesions of the equine neck resulting in lameness or poor performance.

Dyson SJ.

Source

Centre for Equine Studies, Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, Suffolk, CB8 7UU, England. sue [dot] dyson [at] aht [dot] org [dot] uk

Abstract

Lesions of the neck are an uncommon primary cause of pain resulting in either lameness or poor performance but should be considered if local analgesic techniques of the limbs fail to abolish lameness or if there are clinical signs directly referable to the neck such as pain, abnormal neck posture, stiffness, or patchy sweating. Accurate diagnosis requires careful clinical examination, exclusion of other causes of lameness or poor performance, and accurate interpretation of diagnostic imaging findings.

PMID: 22100038 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

Vet Radiol Ultrasound. 2010 Sep-Oct;51(5):491-7.

Effect of head and neck position on pharyngeal diameter in horses.

Cehak A, Rohn K, Barton AK, Stadler P, Ohnesorge B.

Source

Clinic for Horses, University of Veterinary Medicine, Hannover, Bünteweg 9, Germany. anja [dot] cehak [at] tiho-hannover [dot] de

Abstract

Dynamic nasopharyngeal collapse with upper airway obstruction is an important cause of exercise intolerance in performance horses. Its underlying pathophysiology is not fully understood. We hypothesize that head position affects pharyngeal diameter, and thus head position may be a contributing factor to nasopharyngeal obstruction. Fifteen adult healthy horses were subjected to endoscopy and radiography at rest. The pharyngeal diameter was measured at nine different head and neck positions. The effect of sedation and breathing cycle on the pharyngeal diameter was determined, and the relationship between the head angle and the pharyngeal diameter was analyzed. There was a significant influence of head and neck position on pharyngeal diameter, with head position having the major effect (P < 0.001); neck position was less important, but still significant (P < 0.05). The smallest pharyngeal diameter was found at the dorsal, flexed position, which is a clinically important head position in dressage horses. The largest pharyngeal diameter was found at the extended midway position. At each head level, the pharyngeal diameter decreased with flexing the head and it increased with extending the head. The head angle was not associated with pharyngeal diameter, and neither sedation status nor breathing cycle significantly affected pharyngeal diameter. A decrease in pharyngeal diameter will limit the airflow through the upper respiratory tract, and it may result in turbulence with subsequent dynamic collapse. Head and neck position should therefore be considered a possible contributing factor in horses with suspected nasopharyngeal dysfunction.

PMID: 20973380 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

 

Equine Vet J. 2012 Mar;44(2):207-13. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2011.00388.x. Epub 2011 Jun 23.

A novel treatment for dynamic laryngeal collapse associated with poll flexion: the modified checkrein.

Fjordbakk CT, Holcombe S, Fintl C, Chalmers H, Strand E.

Source

Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Equine Teaching Hospital, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo, Norway. cathrine [dot] fjordbakk [at] nvh [dot] no

Abstract

REASONS FOR PERFORMING THE STUDY:

Dynamic laryngeal collapse (DLC) associated with poll flexion is a performance limiting dynamic upper airway disorder commonly diagnosed in Coldblooded trotters. An inspiratory obstruction occurs when affected horses are driven with tension on the reins, inducing poll flexion. To date, surgical treatment and conservative management have failed to improve racing performance in affected horses.

OBJECTIVES:

To test the efficacy of an external device, the modified checkrein, in limiting poll flexion, diminishing laryngeal collapse and improving airway mechanics when horses are driven on a treadmill with tension on the reins and test the hypothesis that the modified checkrein will limit poll flexion thereby improving endoscopic appearance of the larynx and reduce airway obstruction in harness racehorses affected with DLC.

METHODS:

Fourteen Norwegian Coldblooded trotter (NCT) racehorses previously diagnosed with DLC associated with poll flexion exercised on a high-speed treadmill at speeds that resulted in heart rate >200 beats/min. Upper airway videoendoscopy recordings, tracheal pressures and video recordings of the head and neck position were collected while horses exercised with the conventional checkrein on Day 1 and the modified checkrein on Day 2.

RESULTS:

The modified checkrein successfully limited poll flexion as measured by no change in head position parameters between phases of no rein tension and phases of rein tension. Endoscopic scores were significantly improved (arytenoids cartilage collapse P<0.0001; vocal fold collapse P<0.0001) and tracheal peak inspiratory pressures were significantly less negative (P = 0.0162) when horses were fitted with the modified checkrein compared to the conventional checkrein.

CONCLUSIONS AND POTENTIAL RELEVANCE:

The modified checkrein successfully limited poll flexion and also prevented upper airway obstruction in NCT horses affected with DLC associated with poll flexion. The modified checkrein seems promising in offering a method of conservative management in harness racehorses affected with this disorder.

© 2011 EVJ Ltd.

PMID: 21696430 [PubMed - in process]

 

Equine Vet J. 2010 Nov;42 Suppl 38:261-7. doi: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.2010.00224.x.

Effect of head and neck position on outcome of quantitative neuromuscular diagnostic techniques in Warmblood riding horses directly following moderate exercise.

Wijnberg ID, Sleutjens J, Van Der Kolk JH, Back W.

Source

Department of Equine Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, The Netherlands. i [dot] d [dot] wijnberg [at] uu [dot] nl

Abstract

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY:

There has been growing interest in training techniques with respect to the head and neck position (HNP) of the equine athlete. Little is known about the influence of HNP on neuromuscular transmission in neck muscles.

OBJECTIVE:

To test the hypothesis that different HNPs have effect on single fibre (SF), quantitative electromyographic (QEMG) examination and muscle enzyme activity directly after moderate exercise.

METHODS:

Seven Warmblood horses were studied using a standard exercise protocol in 5 HNPs: HNP1: unrestrained; HNP2: neck raised; bridge of nose around the vertical; HNP4: neck lowered and considerably flexed, bridge of nose pointing towards the chest; HNP5: neck raised and considerably extended; bridge of nose in front of the vertical; HNP7: neck lowered and flexed; bridge of nose pointing towards the carpus. Mean consecutive difference (MCD) of single muscle fibre potentials and motor unit action potential (MUP) variables (amplitude, duration, area, turns and phases) were recorded in each fixed position directly after exercise at rest using commercial EMG equipment. Muscle enzyme activity was measured before and 4, 6 and 24 h after exercise.

RESULTS:

Mean consecutive difference in all HNPs was higher than in HNP1 (22 µs, P < 0.001) of which HNP4 was highest with 39 µs compared to 30 µs in HNP2 (P = 0.04); MCD in HNP 5,7 was with 25 µs lower than in HNP 2 and 4 (P < 0.001). Odds ratio for MCD suggestive for conduction delay or block was 13.6 in HNP4 compared to HNP1 (P < 0.001). Motion unit action potential variables followed the same pattern as MCD. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity increased in HNP4 at 4 h (P = 0.014), 6 h (P = 0.017) and 24 h (P = 0.038) post exercise and in HNP5 and HNP7 at 4 h (P = 0.037; 0.029).

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:

HNP4 in particular leads to a higher rise in LDH activity, MCD and MUP variables, indicating that HNPs have effect on variables characterising neuromuscular functionality.

© 2010 EVJ Ltd.

PMID: 21059016 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

Am J Vet Res. 2006 Jul;67(7):1232-5.

Effect of head position on intraocular pressure in horses.

Komáromy AM, Garg CD, Ying GS, Liu C.

Source

Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.

Abstract

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate the effect of head position on intraocular pressure (IOP) in horses.

ANIMALS:

30 horses.

PROCEDURES:

Horses were sedated with detomidine HCl (0.01 mg/kg, IV). Auriculopalpebral nerve blocks were applied bilaterally with 2% lidocaine HCl. The corneas of both eyes were anesthetized with ophthalmic 0.5% proparacaine solution. Intraocular pressures were measured with an applanation tonometer with the head positioned below and above heart level. The mean of 3 readings was taken for each eye at each position for data analysis. The effect of head position on IOP was assessed and generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for the correlation from repeated measures of the same eye and intereye correlation from the same horse.

RESULTS:

Of the 60 eyes, 52 (87%) had increased IOP when measured below the heart level. A significant difference (mean +/- SE, 8.20 +/- 1.01 mm Hg) was seen in the mean IOP when the head was above (17.5 +/- 0.8 mm Hg) or below (25.7 +/- 1.2 mm Hg) heart level. No significant effect of sex, age, or neck length on IOP change was found.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE:

Head position has a significant effect on the IOP of horses. Failure to maintain a consistent head position between IOP measurements could potentially prevent the meaningful interpretation of perceived aberrations or changes in IOP.

PMID: 16817748 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

 

OTHER SOURCES OF SCIENTIFIC VETERINARIAN LITERATURE

 

Radiographic and ultrasonographic imaging of the articulationes procesuum articularium in the warmblooded horse

Ines Eva Lautenschläger

SOURCE

Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover - Klinik für Pferde

SUMMERY

In the course of this study the radiographic imaging of the horses` cervical vertebrae through latero-lateral radiation was optimized for the digital radiograph PCR A3® (Philips) by examinig 60 well rideable, clinically inconspicuous horses. Quantitative examinations concerning measurements of the inter- and intravertebral relationships of cervical C2 to C7 in latero-lateral standard radiographs were performed as well as measurements concerning the circumference and length of the Proc. articulares craniales et caudales. Furthermore the width of the interarticular crevice between C5 and C7 was examined in tangential radiographs. For the first time standards could be set for warmblooded horses unconspicuous under the rider and after clinical examination. Additionally qualitative findings in the area of the foramen intervertebrale on latero-lateral radiographs could be diagnosed as well as findings concerning outline and structure of the procc. articulares and the articulationes processuum articularium.

Furthermore radiographs of the cervical vertebrae of 60 clinically inconspicuous /well rideable horses were compared to radiographs of 20 horses which showed clinical abnormalities in the cervical vertebrae. This study confirmed discreet findings in latero-lateral projection as well as tangential projection in the articulations processuum articularium of clinically inconspicuous saddle horses. Contrary to earlier studies it was not possible to find distinctive diagnoses in clinically inconspicuous horses in terms of spondylarthrosis. Overall diagnoses could be found in radiographs of 20 - 30% of clinically inconspicuous horses. In these cases though the findings were restricted to a minor shadowing in the areas of the foramen intervertebrale and the procc. articulares both in close-to- focus and close-to–plate tangential imaging. In contrary clinically conspicuous horses were afflicted with findings at a significantly higher rate. Especially a significant enlargement of the articular surface of the proc. articulares could be seen in several projections. Furthermore the caudal areas of the articulationes processuum atricularium were significantly closer and not as good imageable radiographically in those horses clinically conspicuous.

Similar diagnoses to those diagnoses that were found by radiographic examinations could be seen in ultrasonographic examination when comparing well rideable horses to those showing difficulties. It was possible to image the articulationes processuum articularium of C5 to C7 in all 80 horses by ultrasonographic examination. The quality of the pictures turned poorer though in those areas with a higher amount of soft tissue covering the vertebrae. Nevertheless it was possible to diagnose a significant difference in the articulationes processuum articularium of easy rideable clinically inconspicuous horses to those animals showing severe difficulties. A significantly higher amount of those horses showing difficulties when being ridden could be diagnosed with a rough bone surface and an interarticular crevice that was hard to image sonographically if it was possible at all. In those horses well rideable even bone surface and a well displayable interarticular crevice were the usual findings.

In clonclusion it was possible for this study to set standards for the radiographic und ultrasonographic examination of the cervical vertebrae of the warmblooded horse. Furthermore, it was possible to show a distinction between the cervical vertebrae of of clinically inconspicuous horses and horses clinically conspicuous respectively those horses well rideable and those showing difficulties through radiographic examination.

LINK (to the german dissertation)

http://elib.tiho-hannover.de/dissertations/lautenschlaegeri_ws07.pdf